OBJETIVO: Analisar as características cirúrgicas de pacientes operados após a intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP). MÉTODO: Cinqüenta e seis pacientes (41 H e 15 M), no momento da revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio, já tinham sido manejados com o implante de stents coronarianos. Foram implantados 116 stents em 101 intervenções. Trinta e dois pacientes tinham três ou mais vasos com estenose significativa. Seis pacientes com lesões graves no tronco da artéria coronária esquerda (TCE) foram tratados com stents. Desde a colocação do primeiro stent, 12 pacientes desenvolveram lesões de novo graves no TCE. Em seis (50%), a estenose grave se desenvolveu em até seis meses da colocação do stent. Vinte (35,7%) pacientes eram diabéticos. Em 22 (39,2%) doentes, no momento da cirurgia, havia diminuição significativa da fração de ejeção do VE (p< 0,001), quando comparada à da primeira ICP. A revascularização cirúrgica constou do implante de 160 enxertos coronarianos. A análise transoperatória incluiu biópsia da parede coronária e do músculo adjacente. RESULTADOS: Achados transoperatórios evidenciaram tecidos adjacentes à área do stent mais endurecidos e inflamados quando comparados a outros sítios coronarianos. Dezessete pacientes operados sem descontinuidade dos antiadesivos plaquetários necessitaram de maior reposição sangüínea. Não houve mortalidade hospitalar pós-cirúrgica. CONCLUSÃO: Nos pacientes operados após a colocação de stents, questões como perda da função ventricular, arterite ou lesões de novo adicionam complexidade ao ato cirúrgico. Em razão da disfunção endotelial causada pelos stents, enxertos poderão ocluir mais cedo. Em adição, a eficiência do tratamento clínico associado poderá não ser a mesma.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the surgical characteristics of patients operated on after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHOD: Fifty-six patients (41 M and 15 F), by the time of coronary artery by-pass grafts (CABG), already had undergone coronary stenting procedures. In 101 PCI, 116 stents were implanted. By the time of the first PCI, 32 patients had three or more coronaries with severe stenosis. Six patients were treated with PCI for severe left main stem stenosis. Since the implantation of the first stent, 12 patients developed severe de novo lesions in the left coronary trunk. In six of these, the stenosis was developed in 6 months after the implant of the stent. Diabetes was present in 35.7% of the patients. In 22 patients (39.2%), at the time of CABG, the left ventricular (LV) function was reduced (p<0.001). At surgery, 160 grafts were implanted. Surgical studies included coronary and muscle biopsy. RESULTS: Surgical observation showed arteritis and inflammatory tissues adjacent to the stent in comparison to other areas. Seventeen patients that could not have antiplatelets drugs withdrawn needed more blood transfusion. There were no hospital deaths. CONCLUSION: In patients operated on after stents implantation, facts like loss in LV function or de novo vascular lesions add complexity to surgical cases and may impair long-term results. Due to endothelial dysfunction caused by stents, grafts may close earlier. In addition, the efficiency of clinical therapy may not be the same.

OBJETIVO: Revisão da experiência com diversas técnicas de correção empregadas, nos últimos 20 anos, em crianças menores de um ano de idade. MÉTODOS: No período de 1978 a 1998, foram operados 148 pacientes (pc) consecutivos com coartação de aorta (CoAo) com até um ano de idade, com ou sem defeitos intracardíacos associados. A idade apresentou mediana de 50 dias, 92 pc do sexo feminino (62,1%). O peso foi de 4.367±1.897 gramas. O seguimento foi em média de 1.152±1.462 dias. A população foi dividida em 3 grupos: Grupo I, CoAo isolada: 74 pc (50%); Grupo II, CoAo e comunicação interventricular (CIV): 41 pacientes (27,7%) e Grupo III, CoAo com malformações complexas: 33 pc (22,3%). RESULTADOS: Mortalidade total foi 43 pc (29%): com menos de 30 dias, foi 53%, p=0,009, OR=4,5, entre 31 e 90 dias, foi 14,7%, p=0,69, e acima de 91 dias, 15%, p=0,004. A probabilidade de sobrevida atuarial de toda a população foi de 67% aos 5 e 10 anos. Trinta e seis pacientes (24,3%) recoartaram, dos quais 18 pacientes (50%) tinham menos de 30 dias, OR=6,35. A incidência de recoartação foi com a técnica de Waldhausen em 4 pacientes (10%) e com a término-terminal clássica em 19 pacientes (26%) p=0.03, e a istmoplastia em 6 pacientes (37,5%). A probabilidade de sobrevida atuarial livre de recoartação aos 5 e 10 anos foi de 69% com a técnica de Waldhausen e 63% com a técnica término-terminal clássica. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com menos de 30 dias apresentaram risco aumentado de mortalidade e recoartação. A técnica de Waldhausen em pacientes com mais de 30 dias mostrou-se efetiva. A técnica término-terminal clássica mostrou não ser uma boa opção em todas as faixas etárias, sendo imperativo executar variantes técnicas como término-terminal estendida.

OBJECTIVE: A review of experience with techniques of correction used, in the last 20 years, in children younger than one year old. METHODS: In the period from 1978 to 1998, 148 patients (pt) with coarctation of the aorta (CoAo), under one year of age, with or without associated intracardiac defects, were submitted to surgery. Median age 50 days, 92 female pt (62.1%). The average weight was 4,367± 1,897 gr. The average follow-up was 1,152±1,462 days. The population was divided in 3 groups: Group I, isolated CoAo: 74 pt (50%); Group II, CoAo and interventricular communication (IVC): 41 pt (27.7%) and Group III, CoAo with complex intracardiac malformations: 33 pt (22.3%). RESULTS: The total mortality was of 43 patients (29%). In patients younger than 30 days, the mortality was 53%, p=0.009, DR=4.5, between 31 and 90 days, 14.7%, p=0.69, and over 91 days, 15%, p=0.004. The probability of actuarial survival of the whole population was 67% at 5 and 10 years. Thirty-six patients (24.3%) had recoarctation, from which 18 patients (50%) were younger than 30 days, DR=6.,35. The incidence of recoarctation was with Waldhausen technique in 4 patients (10%) and with the classic termino-terminal technique in 19 patients (26%) p=0.03, and isthmusplastic operation in 6 patients (37.5%). The patients younger than 30 days showed a relative risk for recoarctation de DR=6.35. The probability of actuarial survival, free of coarctation repair, at 5 and 10 years was of 69% with Waldhausen's technique and 63% with the classic termino-terminal technique. CONCLUSION: Patients younger than 30 days showed increased mortality and recoarctation risk. Waldhausen's technique in patients older than 30 days showed effective. The classic termino-terminal technique did not show to be a good option in all age ranges, being imperative to carry out more radical technical variations, such as the extended termino-terminal.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the major causes of surgical morbidity and mortality in patients with infective endocarditis operated upon in a regional cardiology center. METHODS: Thirty-four patients underwent surgical treatment for infective endocarditis. Their ages ranged from 20 to 68 years (mean of 40.6) and 79% were males. Their NYHA functional classes were as follows: IV - 19 (55.8%) patients; III - 12 (35.2%) patients; II - 3 (8.8%) patients. Blood cultures were positive in only 32% of the cases. Eight patients had already undergone previous cardiac surgery, whose major indication (82.3%) was heart failure refractory to clinical treatment. RESULTS: Four (11.7%) patients died at the hospital. Follow-up was complete in 26 (86%) patients. Five (14.7%) patients died later, 12, 36, 48, 60, and 89 months after hospital discharge. Of the 21 patients being currently followed up, 1 is in NYHA functional class III, and 5 in NYHA functional class II. CONCLUSION: A high degree of clinical suspicion, at an early diagnosis, and indication of surgical treatment prior to deterioration of left ventricular function and installation of generalized sepsis may improve prognosis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze late clinical evolution after surgical treatment of children, with reparative and reconstructive techniques without annular support. METHODS: We evaluated 21 patients operated upon between 1975 and 1998. Age 4.67±3.44 years; 47.6% girls; mitral insufficiency 57.1% (12 cases), stenosis 28.6% (6 cases), and double lesion 14.3% (3 cases). The perfusion 43.10±9.50min, and ischemia time were 29.40±10.50min. The average clinical follow-up in mitral insufficiency was 41.52±53.61 months. In the stenosis group (4 patients) was 46.39±32.02 months, and in the double lesion group (3 patients), 39.41±37.5 months. The echocardiographic follow-up was in mitral insufficiency 37.17±39.51 months, stenosis 42.61±30.59 months, and in the double lesion 39.41±37.51 months. RESULTS: Operative mortality was 9.5% (2 cases). No late deaths occurred. In the group with mitral insufficiency, 10 (83.3%) patients were asymptomatic (p=0.04). The majorit y with mild reflux (p=0.002). In the follow-up of the stenosis group, all were in functional class I (NYHA); and the mean transvalve gradient varied between 8 and 12mmHg, average of 10.7mmHg. In the double lesion group, 1 patient was reoperated at 43 months. No endocarditis or thromboembolism were reported. CONCLUSION: Mitral stenosis repair has worse late results, related to the valve abnormalities and associated lesions. The correction of mitral insufficiency without annular support showed good long-term results.

Fundamento: Malformações congênitas da valva mitral são lesões complexas. Em crianças e adolescentes, os anéis protéticos devem ser evitados. Desde 1975 não usamos anéis protéticos, empregando-se a técnica de Wooler nas anuloplastias. Objetivo: Análise da evolução clínica tardia após o tratamento cirúrgico das anomalias mitrais congênitas, com e sem malformações associadas, em crianças até 12 anos de idade, tratadas com técnicas reparadoras e reconstrutivas sem suporte anelar. Casuística e Métodos: Foram avaliados 21 pacientes operados entre 1975 e 1998. A média de idade foi de 4,67 ± 3,44 anos; sexo feminino em 47,6%; a insuficiência esteve presente em 57,1% (12 casos), estenose em 28,6% (6 casos) e dupla lesão em 14,3% (3 casos). O tempo de perfusão foi 43,10 ± 9,50 min; tempo de isquemia 29,40 ± 10,50 min. O seguimento clínico na insuficiência foi feito em 12 pacientes com média de 41,52 ± 53,61 meses; no grupo de estenose em 4 pacientes com média de 46,39 ± 32,02 meses. Resultados: No grupo de insuficiência 10 pacientes estavam assintomáticos. Controle ecocardiográfico em 9 pacientes, (seguimento 37,17 ± 39,51 meses) 6 pacientes apresentaram refluxo leve, 1 ausência de refluxo e 2 com refluxo moderado; 1 paciente foi reoperado aos 48 m após a primeira operação, sendo feita nova plastia. No grupo da estenose, 4 pacientes, todos assintomáticos, sendo 2 sem medicação, com seguimento ecocardiográfico, média 42,61 ± 30,59 meses, gradiente médio entre 8 e 12 mmHg. No grupo de dupla lesão, 1 paciente foi reoperado para implante de bioprótese aos 43 meses da primeira operação, 1 paciente aos 75 meses da operação encontrava-se em classe funcional II e a ecocardiografia mostrou estenose e insuficiência leve. Não foram relatados episódios de endocardite nem tromboembolismo. A mortalidade operatória foi de 9,5% (2 casos). Não houve mortalidade tardia. Conclusões: a estenose mitral apresenta maiores dificuldades de correção, pelas anormalidades valvares e pela gravidade de lesões associadas. A correção da insuficiência sem suporte anelar apresenta bons resultados a longo prazo.

Background: Congenital mitral valve disease is associated with complex deformities of mitral apparatus. Annular support should be avoided in children and adolescents. Since 1975 we have employed non-supported techniques for mitral repair. Objective: This paper presents long term clinical results for repair in congenital mitral valve disease in children under 12 years of age. Patients and Methods: This series comprises 21 patients operated from 1995 to 1998. Mean age 4.6 ± 3.4 years. Female sex 47.6% mitral regurgitation in 57.1% (12 pt), stenosis 28.6% (6 pt) and mixed lesion 14.3% (3 pt). Perfusion time was 43.1 ± 9.5 min and ischemic time 29.4 ± 10.5 min. Follow-up time was 41.5 ± 53.6 months for the regurgitation group (12 pt) and 46.3 ± 32.0 months for the stenosis group (4 pt followed). Results: Operative mortality was 9.5% (2 cases), both in the stenosis group. There was no late death. In the regurgitation group, 10 pt (83.3%) were assymptomatic. Echocardiographic control at a mean follow-up time of 37.1 ± 39.5 months showed, in 9 cases, 1 without reflux, 6 mild and 2 moderate reflux. There was 1 reoperation at 48 months post operative for a new valve repair. In the stenosis group, there were 4 patients followed, all in functional class I, 2 without drugs. Echo control at a mean follow-up time of 42.6 ± 30.5 months showed mean gradient from 8 to 12 mmHg. The mixed lesion group had 1 reoperation after 43 post-operative months. There were no cases of endocarditis or thromboembolism. Conclusion: Mitral valve repair in congenital lesions is associated with good late results. The majority of cases remain assymptomatic and free of reoperations. Failures are related to complexity of deformities. Rings on annular support are not necessary. Repair of regurgitation performs better than these for stenosis.

RAvaliaram-se as indicações, as alterações e os resultados cirúrgicos de 28 pacientes, operados por endocardite infecciosa (EI) no período de 1983 a 1994. O diagnóstico clínico foi confirmado pela ecocardiografia e pela cineangiocardiografia. Dos pacientes, 65% eram do sexo masculino e 25% do feminino, com média de idades de 35,21 (14 a 67) anos. Noventa e três por cento dos pacientes estavam em classe funcional III e IV (NYHA). O tempo decorrido entre o diagnóstico e a cirurgia foi em média de quatro semanas e meia (1 a 363 dias). A hemocultura foi positiva em 25% dos casos e os germes mais freqüentemente encontrados foram estreptococos e estafilococos. A valva aórtica foi a mais acometida e as vegetações foram as lesões mais comumente encontradas. O tratamento cirúrgico utilizado foi a plastia valvar em 2 casos e a substituição valvar por prótese em 26.Complicações ocorreram em 39,28% dos casos, com 5(18%) mortes. Conclui-se que, embora rara, a EI é doença grave e, se não prevenida com adequada antibiótico-profilaxia ou tratada em tempo hábil, o paciente terá conseqüências graves, podendo, até mesmo, falecer.

The indication, surgical pathology and the results of surgical treatment of 28 patients operated on for infectious endocarditis between 1983 and 1994 are here evaluated. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by echocardiography and cineangiography. Seventy-five percent of the patients were male and 25% female, with the mean age of 35.2 (14 to 67) years old. Ninety three percent were in functional class III or IV (N Y H A). Elapsed time between diagnosis and surgery was around 4 weeks (1-363 days). A positive hemoculture was present in 25% of the cases and the commonest bacteria found were streptococcus and staphilococcus. The aortic valve was the one usualy affected and vegetations was the usual finding. Surgical treatment consisted of valvuloplasty in 2 cases and valve replacement in 26. Complications were present in 39.28% of the cases, which resulted in the death of five of them (18%). We conclude that, although rare, the infectious endocarditis is a serious disease; if not prevented with adequate antibiotic prophilaxis or treated in due time, serious complications or even death might occur.